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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Updated: Sep 29, 2025

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Human autoantibodies underlying infectious diseases.

Anne Puel1,2,3, Paul Bastard1,2,3,4, Jacinta Bustamante1,2,3,5

  • 1Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
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Human autoantibodies targeting specific cytokines explain severe infectious diseases, mirroring genetic deficiencies. These autoantibodies pre-exist infection, impacting immunity and leading to conditions like COVID-19 pneumonia and mycobacterial infections.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Human Genetics

Background:

  • Interindividual variability in infectious disease severity is linked to host genetic and immune factors.
  • Autoantibodies neutralizing cytokines can mimic inborn errors of cytokine pathways, leading to specific infectious diseases.
  • Examples include autoantibodies against type I IFNs in COVID-19 and yellow fever vaccine reactions, and type II IFN in mycobacterial infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of autoantibodies against cytokines in explaining the clinical variability of infectious diseases.
  • To establish the link between autoantibodies, cytokine function, and susceptibility to specific pathogens.
  • To understand the pre-existence and impact of autoantibodies on protective immunity.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on autoantibodies against cytokines and their associated infectious diseases.
  • Analysis of clinical data linking specific autoantibodies to disease phenotypes.
  • Comparison of disease mechanisms driven by autoantibodies versus inborn errors of cytokine pathways.

Main Results:

  • Autoantibodies against type I IFNs are associated with severe COVID-19 pneumonia and yellow fever vaccine adverse events.
  • Autoantibodies against type II IFN are linked to severe mycobacterial infections.
  • Autoantibodies against IL-17A/F and IL-6 are implicated in candidiasis and staphylococcal diseases, respectively.
  • Autoantibodies against GM-CSF are associated with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.

Conclusions:

  • Autoantibodies against essential cytokines are a significant cause of specific infectious diseases in humans.
  • These autoantibodies often pre-exist infection and disrupt protective immune responses.
  • Understanding antibody-driven autoimmunity against cytokines is crucial for explaining and potentially treating infectious disease variability.