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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Dry Film Photoresist-based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor Platform: Device Fabrication, On-chip Assay Preparation, and System Operation

Dry Film Photoresist-based Electrochemical Microfluidic Biosensor Platform: Device Fabrication, On-chip Assay Preparation, and System Operation

Published on: September 19, 2017

Portable FRET-Based Biosensor Device for On-Site Lead Detection.

Wei-Qun Lai^1,2, Yu-Fen Chang³, Fang-Ning Chou¹

¹Microscopy Service Laboratory, Basic Research Division, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.

|March 24, 2022

Summary

A new portable biosensor, pMet-lead, offers a rapid and safe method for detecting environmental lead (Pb) in water. This device enables on-site analysis, helping to prevent lead poisoning by identifying unsafe levels in drinking water supplies.

Keywords:

FRET Met-lead groundwater lead lead biosensors portable Pb sensor smartphone-based device tap water lead

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Last Updated: Jul 16, 2026

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Analytical Chemistry
Biotechnology

Background:

Traditional lead (Pb) detection methods are often costly, time-consuming, hazardous, and require specialized equipment.
There is a need for accessible, safe, and portable tools for on-site environmental lead monitoring.
Previous biosensors faced challenges with selectivity, particularly distinguishing lead from zinc.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a facile and safe portable tool for detecting environmental lead (Pb).
To create a smartphone-compatible fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based Pb-biosensor.
To improve selectivity for Pb detection over other metal ions like zinc.

Main Methods:

Development of pMet-lead, a portable FRET-based Pb-biosensor incorporating a 3D-printed frame, laser diode, optical filters, and a biochip.
Utilized fluorescence emission ratios (YFP/CFP) for quantitative Pb detection.
Employed tricine as a zinc chelator to enhance Pb selectivity and validated results using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Main Results:

The pMet-lead biosensor demonstrated a dynamic range of 1.96, a dissociation constant (Kd) of 45.62 nM, and a limit of detection of 24 nM (4.74 ppb).
Analysis of unknown water samples revealed two samples exceeding the WHO-permitted Pb level of 10 ppb (10.6 ppb and 15.24 ppb).
The biosensor showed high sensitivity and selectivity, successfully distinguishing Pb levels in environmental samples.

Conclusions:

pMet-lead offers a rapid, sensitive, and safe on-site method for detecting environmental lead in water.
The developed biosensor can be integrated into living and drinking water supply systems for real-time monitoring.
This technology has the potential to significantly aid in preventing lead poisoning by enabling early detection.