Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder in Central America and the Caribbean: A Multinational Clinical...

Area of Science:

• Neuroimmunology
• Neurology
• Epidemiology

Background:

• Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is a rare autoimmune condition affecting the central nervous system.
• Limited data exists on NMOSD demographics and clinical characteristics in Central America and the Caribbean.
• Understanding regional variations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management of NMOSD.

Purpose of the Study:

• To describe the demographics, clinical features, and serological profile of NMOSD patients in Central America and the Caribbean.
• To determine the prevalence and incidence of NMOSD in specific countries within the region.
• To identify key clinical manifestations and antibody statuses (anti-AQP4-IgG, anti-MOG-IgG) in this population.

Main Methods:

• A multinational, multicentric, descriptive study involving 25 institutions across 9 countries.
• Data collection included demographics, clinical history, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), MRI findings, and serological testing (anti-AQP4-IgG, anti-MOG-IgG) via a central repository and diverse methodologies.
• Prevalence and incidence were estimated for Panama and the Dominican Republic.

Main Results:

• 186 subjects were analyzed, with 84% females and a median age of 42.5 years.
• Optic neuritis-transverse myelitis was the most common manifestation (42.5%), and 72.3% experienced a relapsing course.
• Anti-AQP4-IgG antibodies were found in 59.8% and anti-MOG-IgG in 11.5%; estimated crude prevalence in Panama was 1.62/100,000.

Conclusions:

• This study provides valuable insights into NMOSD in Latin America, highlighting a female predominance and specific clinical patterns.
• The findings underscore the importance of serological testing for anti-AQP4-IgG and anti-MOG-IgG antibodies in NMOSD diagnosis.
• Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the epidemiology and management of NMOSD in this underrepresented region.