Problematic muscularity-oriented behaviors: Overview, key gaps, and ideas for future research

Area of Science:

• Psychology
• Public Health
• Sports Science

Background:

• Problematic muscularity-oriented behaviors (PMOBs), including excessive weightlifting and supplement use (e.g., creatine, steroids), are increasingly recognized among adolescents and young adults, particularly males.
• Existing theoretical models, primarily from eating disorder research, offer insights into risk factors but lack specificity regarding the initiation and maintenance of PMOBs.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review existing theoretical models and identified risk factors for PMOBs.
• To identify gaps in the understanding of factors influencing the initiation, continuation, and cessation of PMOBs.
• To propose future research directions for a more comprehensive understanding of PMOBs.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of theoretical models and empirical research on PMOBs.
• Analysis of identified risk factors associated with PMOBs.
• Identification of research gaps concerning the pathways to and from PMOBs.

Main Results:

• Theoretical models provide a framework but do not fully explain the specific pathways leading to PMOBs.
• Gaps exist in understanding the sequential and interactive combination of risk factors that initiate and sustain these behaviors.
• Current research has not adequately explored factors influencing the discontinuation of PMOBs.

Conclusions:

• A more nuanced understanding of the interplay between risk factors is crucial for developing effective interventions.
• Future research should focus on elucidating the developmental trajectories and specific etiological pathways of PMOBs.
• Strengthening theoretical models is essential for informing prevention strategies and public health policies targeting youth PMOBs.