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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the...
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RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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MicroRNA Roles in Cell Reprogramming Mechanisms.

Emilia Pascale1, Carmen Caiazza1, Martina Paladino1

  • 1Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.

Cells
|March 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Cell reprogramming converts somatic cells into various cell types, including stem cells, neurons, and cardiomyocytes. MicroRNAs significantly influence this process and hold future biomedical potential.

Keywords:
cardiac reprogrammingiPSCsmiRNAsneuronal reprogrammingnon-coding RNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Science
  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • Cell reprogramming is a transformative technology enabling the generation of diverse cell types from somatic cells.
  • Key transcription factors are modulated to achieve cell fate conversion, yielding pluripotent stem cells, neurons, and cardiomyocytes.
  • The molecular mechanisms driving these cellular transformations are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the significant role of non-coding RNAs, specifically microRNAs, in cell reprogramming processes.
  • To explore the influence of microRNAs on the generation of pluripotent stem cells, neurons, and cardiomyocytes.
  • To discuss the potential biomedical applications of microRNAs in cell reprogramming.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on microRNA involvement in cell reprogramming.
  • Analysis of studies demonstrating the impact of non-coding RNA expression on cell fate.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on microRNA-mediated reprogramming mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • Non-coding RNAs, particularly microRNAs, are crucial regulators of cell reprogramming.
  • Forced expression of non-coding RNAs can be sufficient to drive certain reprogramming events.
  • MicroRNAs play a key role in generating pluripotent stem cells, neurons, and cardiomyocytes.

Conclusions:

  • MicroRNAs are pivotal molecular determinants in cell reprogramming.
  • Understanding microRNA functions can unlock new therapeutic strategies.
  • MicroRNA-based approaches offer promising avenues for future biomedical applications in regenerative medicine.