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Related Concept Videos

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Dysrhythmias I: Introduction01:15

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Dysrhythmias refers to abnormalities in the heart's rhythm. They result from disruptions in the heart's electrical conduction system, which includes the sinoatrial(SA)node, atrioventricular(AV) node, the bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers.Definition and PathophysiologyDysrhythmias result from disorders of impulse formation, impulse conduction, or both. The heart contains specialized cells in the sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, and the bundle of His and Purkinje fibers...
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Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

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Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...
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Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias01:28

Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias

148
Tachyarrhythmias are a type of dysrhythmia where the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute. Here are some common types of tachyarrhythmias:Sinus TachycardiaSinus tachycardia originates from increased impulses from the sinus node, leading to an elevated heart rate. It is often triggered by stress, fever, or exercise.Patients may experience palpitations, a sensation of a racing heart, dizziness, and chest discomfort.Causes and Risk Factors: Common causes include physical exertion, emotional...
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Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias01:29

Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias

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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 29, 2025

Microelectrode Array Recording of Sinoatrial Node Firing Rate to Identify Intrinsic Cardiac Pacemaking Defects in Mice
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Brugada Syndrome.

Andrew D Krahn1, Elijah R Behr2, Robert Hamilton3

  • 1Center for Cardiovascular Innovation, Heart Rhythm Services, Division of Cardiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

JACC. Clinical Electrophysiology
|March 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited heart rhythm disorder increasing sudden cardiac arrest risk. Diagnosis relies on ECG, while management focuses on preventing cardiac events through lifestyle and interventions.

Keywords:
Brugada syndromeserious arrhythmic eventssudden cardiac deathventricular fibrillation

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Genetics
  • Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited cardiac arrhythmia associated with syncope and sudden cardiac death.
  • It affects approximately 1 in 2,000 individuals, predominantly young to middle-aged males.
  • Most cases lack a single causative gene variant, suggesting complex genetic and environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of Brugada syndrome.
  • To provide a practical approach to the diagnosis and management of BrS.
  • To highlight emerging evidence on the epicardial arrhythmic substrate.

Main Methods:

  • Electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis for characteristic ST-segment elevation.
  • Provocation tests (fever, sodium channel blockers) to unmask ECG changes.
  • Review of cardiac imaging, pathology, and ablation studies.

Main Results:

  • ECG findings include coved ST-segment elevation ≥2 mm and negative T-wave in right precordial leads, often intermittent.
  • An epicardial arrhythmic substrate in the right ventricular outflow tract is increasingly recognized.
  • Risk stratification identifies high-risk individuals based on spontaneous ECG changes and syncope history.

Conclusions:

  • Brugada syndrome requires careful diagnosis and risk stratification.
  • Management strategies range from conservative measures for asymptomatic patients to ICD insertion for symptomatic individuals.
  • Emerging therapies include quinidine and epicardial ablation for recurrent arrhythmias.