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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
1.0K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

745
In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

1.2K
NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...
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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

24.5K
An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
24.5K
Fermi Level01:18

Fermi Level

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The Fermi-Dirac function is represented by an S-shaped curve indicating the probability of an energy state being occupied by an electron at a given temperature. The Fermi level is the energy level at which there is a fifty percent chance of finding an electron, and it is positioned between the lower-energy valence band and the higher-energy conduction band.
At absolute zero temperature, electrons fill all energy states up to the Fermi level, leaving upper states empty. As the temperature rises,...
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Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser
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Spin effect on the low-temperature resistivity maximum in a strongly interacting 2D electron system.

A A Shashkin1, M Yu Melnikov1, V T Dolgopolov1

  • 1Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Moscow District, 142432, Russia.

Scientific Reports
|March 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

In strongly interacting two-dimensional electron systems, resistivity peaks near the metal-insulator transition. This peak temperature, linked to the Fermi temperature, unexpectedly drops in spin-polarizing magnetic fields, suggesting a spin-related origin.

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Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures
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Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures
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Angle-resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy At Ultra-low Temperatures

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum materials science
  • Strongly correlated electron systems

Background:

  • Metal-insulator transitions (MIT) in two-dimensional electron systems (2DES) are crucial for understanding electron interactions.
  • Strongly interacting 2DES in SiGe/Si/SiGe quantum wells offer a unique platform to study fundamental physics near MIT.
  • Previous research has explored MIT but the specific behavior of resistivity peaks in relation to magnetic fields requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temperature dependence of resistivity near the zero-magnetic-field metal-insulator transition in a strongly interacting 2DES.
  • To examine the influence of spin-polarizing magnetic fields on the resistivity peak temperature.
  • To compare experimental observations with existing theoretical models and identify discrepancies.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of ultra-clean SiGe/Si/SiGe quantum wells.
  • Electrical transport measurements to determine resistivity.
  • Application of varying parallel magnetic fields to probe spin effects.
  • Analysis of the temperature at which resistivity exhibits a maximum (T_max).

Main Results:

  • Observed an increase in resistivity with decreasing temperature, followed by a drop near the zero-field metal-insulator transition.
  • Found that T_max is close to the renormalized Fermi temperature.
  • Crucially, T_max decreased with increasing spin-polarizing magnetic field, contrary to expectations based on Fermi temperature scaling.

Conclusions:

  • The observed behavior of T_max in spin-polarizing magnetic fields is not explained by current theories.
  • The results strongly suggest a spin-related origin for the anomalous temperature dependence of resistivity near the metal-insulator transition.
  • This study highlights the importance of electron spin in the physics of strongly interacting 2D systems near criticality.