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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

347
Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
347
Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV

217
Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis V

258
Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...
258
Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

493
Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
493
Pulmonary Tuberculosis III01:31

Pulmonary Tuberculosis III

483
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
483

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Related Experiment Video

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Use of the Invertebrate Galleria mellonella as an Infection Model to Study the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex
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Challenges in Developing a Controlled Human Tuberculosis Challenge Model.

Susan Jackson1, Helen McShane2

  • 1Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Jenner Institute, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology
|March 25, 2022
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Developing a controlled human infection model for tuberculosis (TB) is crucial for advancing vaccine development. Current research explores BCG and PPD as challenge agents, with future work focusing on attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) remains a significant global health threat, causing a persistent epidemic despite widespread BCG vaccination.
  • The existing BCG vaccine, developed a century ago, shows limited efficacy in adults, highlighting the urgent need for improved tuberculosis (TB) vaccines.
  • Significant knowledge gaps persist regarding the immunobiology of M. tb, hindering the development of effective control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the progress and challenges in developing a controlled human infection model (CHIM) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb).
  • To explore the potential of a TB CHIM to accelerate novel TB vaccine development and deepen the understanding of immune responses to TB.
  • To identify ethical considerations and suitable challenge agents for establishing a safe and informative TB CHIM.

Main Methods:

  • Review of previous and ongoing human studies employing aerosol and intradermal models.
  • Utilizing BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guérin) and purified protein derivative (PPD) as surrogate challenge agents in human studies.
  • Investigating the feasibility of using attenuated M. tb strains as challenge agents in future TB CHIM development.

Main Results:

  • Controlled human infection models (CHIMs) have historically been instrumental in vaccine development for various pathogens.
  • Human studies have utilized BCG and PPD in aerosol and intradermal models to investigate TB immunology.
  • The development of a TB CHIM faces challenges, particularly in selecting an ethically appropriate challenge agent.

Conclusions:

  • A mycobacterial CHIM is essential for advancing TB vaccine development and understanding host immune responses.
  • Ethical considerations and the selection of a safe challenge agent are paramount in establishing a TB CHIM.
  • Future research will focus on attenuated M. tb strains to create a more robust and informative TB CHIM.