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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 29, 2025

Author Spotlight: Validation of SICOLE-R for Assessing Cognitive and Reading Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children and Its Role in Personalized Education
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Refractive Errors and Their Associated Factors in Schoolchildren: A Structural Equation Modeling.

Hassan Hashemi1, Mehdi Khabazkhoob2, Mahsa Fayaz3

  • 1Noor Research Center for Ophthalmic Epidemiology, Noor Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran.

Ophthalmic Epidemiology
|March 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Myopia and hyperopia are moderately prevalent in Shahroud schoolchildren. Ocular axial length is a key factor, while age and outdoor activity show weaker associations with these refractive errors.

Keywords:
IranRefractive errorshyperopiamyopiarisk factors

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Refractive errors, including myopia and hyperopia, represent a significant public health concern globally.
  • Understanding the prevalence and risk factors of these conditions in pediatric populations is crucial for early intervention and management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of myopia and hyperopia among schoolchildren in Shahroud.
  • To identify and analyze the risk factors associated with these refractive errors in the studied population.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 5581 schoolchildren.
  • Optometric examinations including visual acuity and retinoscopy (non-cycloplegic and cycloplegic).
  • Generalized Structural Equation Modeling (GSEM) to analyze direct and indirect effects of risk factors.

Main Results:

  • The prevalence of myopia was 5.0% and hyperopia was 4.8% in Shahroud schoolchildren.
  • Ocular axial length (AL) showed a strong association with both myopia (odds ratio 4.91) and hyperopia (odds ratio 0.49).
  • Rural residence was associated with lower myopia odds (0.55). Myopia risk increased with age in girls but not boys. Increased outdoor activity reduced hyperopia risk in girls.

Conclusions:

  • Myopia and hyperopia exhibit moderate prevalence in Shahroud schoolchildren.
  • Ocular axial length is the most significant factor influencing myopia and hyperopia.
  • Age and outdoor activity demonstrate weaker associations with refractive errors, with notable sex-specific interactions.