Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance01:23

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Dependence of Elimination Half-Life and Dose Clearance

325
The elimination half-life and drug clearance of drugs following nonlinear kinetics can vary with dosage. The Michaelis-Menten parameters and drug concentration influence these factors. As the dose increases, the elimination half-life tends to lengthen, resulting in a reduction in clearance and a disproportionately larger area under the curve. The total clearance can be derived from the Michaelis-Menten equation for drugs following a one-compartment model.
A study on guinea pigs examined the...
325
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:22

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

1.1K
Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists, or anticholinesterases, enhance the body's cholinergic activity by inhibiting acetylcholine's breakdown. They are categorized as reversible or irreversible agents based on their mechanism of action. They are further classified into short-acting, intermediate-acting, and long-acting agents based on their duration of action.
Reversible agents containing quaternary amines, such as neostigmine and edrophonium, are not easily absorbed orally because they...
1.1K
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics01:31

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacokinetics

1.4K
Direct-acting cholinergic agonists, such as synthetic choline esters and naturally occurring alkaloids, exert their effects by enhancing the actions of acetylcholine and stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. Synthetic choline esters share structural similarities with acetylcholine. For example, they have a positively charged quaternary ammonium or onium group, contributing to their hydrophilic characteristics. As a result, they are poorly absorbed in the body through oral...
1.4K
Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Overview01:19

Nonlinear Pharmacokinetics: Overview

614
Nonlinear or dose-dependent pharmacokinetics is a phenomenon that occurs when the pharmacokinetic parameters of certain drugs deviate from linear pharmacokinetics at higher doses. These drugs do not follow the expected first-order kinetics, where the rate of drug elimination is directly proportional to the drug concentration. Instead, they exhibit a nonlinear relationship, which can be attributed to several factors.
Nonlinearity can arise due to the saturation of plasma protein-binding or...
614
Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics01:24

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

575
Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and...
575
Pharmacokinetics: Overview01:10

Pharmacokinetics: Overview

7.5K
Pharmacokinetics is a scientific discipline that focuses on the journey of a drug within the body, encompassing four key stages: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The first stage, absorption, involves the drug's transfer into the bloodstream. Several factors dictate the extent and speed of this process. For example, the liver often metabolizes oral drugs before they reach systemic circulation, leading to only partial absorption. In contrast, intravenous (IV)...
7.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Pharmacokinetics and residue depletion of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in land snails <i>(Cornu aspersum maxima)</i>.

Journal of veterinary research·2026
Same author

Fungal diversity and mycotoxins in retail polished and unpolished rice in Thailand.

Frontiers in nutrition·2026
Same author

Maternal self-esteem and postpartum sexual health in Polish women.

Frontiers in public health·2026
Same author

Immature Honey as a Quality Challenge in Global Apicultural Production.

Foods (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

The Influence of Age on the Pharmacokinetics of Enrofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in Calves.

Veterinary sciences·2026
Same author

Integrated polyphasic characterization and mycotoxin production of fungal isolates in sugarcane (<i>Saccharum officinarum</i>) stems from Thailand.

Frontiers in nutrition·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 29, 2025

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment
08:59

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment

Published on: December 3, 2020

8.1K

Acetaminophen pharmacokinetics in geese.

Irene Sartini1, Beata Łebkowska-Wieruszewska2, Małgorzata Gbylik-Sikorska3

  • 1Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
|March 25, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Acetaminophen (APAP) in geese showed incomplete oral absorption and some liver accumulation. Fatty degeneration of liver cells occurred 24 hours post-administration, indicating potential toxicity in this organ.

More Related Videos

In Vitro Culture for H5N1-Specific Duck T Cells and Detection of Immune Responses Using Intracellular Cytokine Staining Method
06:57

In Vitro Culture for H5N1-Specific Duck T Cells and Detection of Immune Responses Using Intracellular Cytokine Staining Method

Published on: May 30, 2025

284
Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen
09:44

Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen

Published on: November 27, 2019

10.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 29, 2025

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment
08:59

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment

Published on: December 3, 2020

8.1K
In Vitro Culture for H5N1-Specific Duck T Cells and Detection of Immune Responses Using Intracellular Cytokine Staining Method
06:57

In Vitro Culture for H5N1-Specific Duck T Cells and Detection of Immune Responses Using Intracellular Cytokine Staining Method

Published on: May 30, 2025

284
Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen
09:44

Generation of a Rat Model of Acute Liver Failure by Combining 70% Partial Hepatectomy and Acetaminophen

Published on: November 27, 2019

10.3K

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Pharmacology
  • Toxicology
  • Animal Science

Background:

  • Acetaminophen (APAP) is a common analgesic and antipyretic.
  • Understanding its pharmacokinetics and potential toxicity in avian species like geese is crucial for animal health and food safety.
  • Limited data exists on APAP metabolism and residue in geese.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen (APAP) following intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) administration in geese.
  • To quantify APAP and its metabolites in various goose tissues (muscle, heart, lung, liver, kidney).
  • To assess potential toxicity through histopathological examination of key goose organs.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-four geese were divided into three groups, receiving a single dose of APAP (10 mg/kg) via IV or PO routes.
  • Plasma and tissue samples were analyzed for APAP and metabolites using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
  • Histopathological evaluation of stomach, duodenum, liver, and kidney tissues was performed.

Main Results:

  • Oral bioavailability of APAP was 46%, indicating incomplete absorption.
  • APAP concentrations in plasma were lower than its metabolites post-administration.
  • Liver showed the highest APAP tissue residues, with fatty degeneration of hepatocytes observed 24 hours after administration.

Conclusions:

  • Oral administration of APAP in geese results in incomplete absorption and potential accumulation in the liver.
  • Histopathological evidence suggests liver tissue alterations 24 hours post-APAP administration.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate APAP's safety profile in geese for food production.