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Related Concept Videos

Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

240
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
240
Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate01:20

Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate

433
Aggregates contain pores of varying sizes; while some are completely enclosed within the particles, others open onto the surface, allowing water to penetrate. The porosity of aggregates is a major factor contributing to the overall porosity of concrete, given that aggregates constitute about three-quarters of concrete's volume.
When all pores in an aggregate are filled with water, the aggregate is considered saturated and surface-dry. If left in dry air, water will evaporate until the...
433
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

421
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
421
Water Cement Ratio01:28

Water Cement Ratio

744
The water-cement ratio is pivotal in defining concrete's quality. This ratio, a balance between the weight of water and cement in the mix, shapes the concrete's strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors. As identified by Abrams’ law, less water in the mix equates to stronger concrete. However, water is essential not only for the chemical process of hydration but also for the concrete's workability and compaction. While hydration chemically binds water and...
744
Effect of Sea Water on Concrete01:22

Effect of Sea Water on Concrete

517
Concrete exposed to seawater can undergo degradation like the dissolution of ettringite and gypsum, increasing the material's porosity and decreasing its strength. In contrast, the crystallization of salts within the concrete's pores can cause expansion, particularly above the waterline where evaporation occurs. Nonetheless, this expansion only happens when seawater, enabled by the concrete's permeability, manages to infiltrate the structure.
Concrete in areas between tide marks,...
517
Waterproofing and Anti-Bacterial Admixtures in Concrete01:22

Waterproofing and Anti-Bacterial Admixtures in Concrete

117
Concrete's susceptibility to water absorption is due to the capillary action within the pores of its hydrated cement paste. This action draws water in, creating the need for waterproofing admixtures to prevent such penetration. The efficacy of these admixtures is contingent upon the water pressure, with variations arising from different conditions such as rain, capillary rise, or hydrostatic pressure in structures intended to hold water.
Waterproofing admixtures render concrete hydrophobic,...
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Calcium Carbonate Formation in the Presence of Biopolymeric Additives
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Modification of Surfaces with Vaterite CaCO3 Particles.

Bushra Zafar1, Jack Campbell1, Jake Cooke1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Forensics, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK.

Micromachines
|March 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Researchers are modifying solid surfaces with vaterite calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystals using biomolecules. This review covers vaterite growth mechanisms and applications for engineered materials.

Keywords:
biomineralizationcalcium carbonatecrystal growthimmobilization

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomineralization
  • Crystallization Science

Background:

  • Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) crystallization is extensively studied in solution and on solid surfaces.
  • Biomolecules are increasingly used as substrates to control CaCO3 growth for diverse applications.
  • CaCO3 exhibits various forms, including amorphous, anhydrous (vaterite, calcite, aragonite), and hydrated polymorphs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the progress in modifying solid surfaces with vaterite CaCO3 crystals.
  • To focus on the mechanisms of vaterite growth initiated by various biomolecules and substances.
  • To discuss the applications of vaterite-modified surfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on vaterite CaCO3 crystallization on solid surfaces.
  • Analysis of physical and chemical immobilization approaches for vaterite growth.
  • Investigation of biomolecules (polymers, proteins, peptides, carbohydrates, fibers, ECM components, bacteria) as nucleation substrates.

Main Results:

  • Vaterite CaCO3 can be grown directly on solid surfaces using a wide range of biomolecules and biological cells.
  • Different immobilization strategies influence the vaterite crystal morphology and surface properties.
  • The choice of substrate significantly impacts the mechanism of vaterite nucleation and growth.

Conclusions:

  • Surface modification with vaterite CaCO3 offers a versatile platform for advanced material development.
  • Understanding the vaterite growth mechanisms is crucial for tailoring surface properties for specific applications.
  • Biomolecule-mediated vaterite crystallization on surfaces holds significant potential for various technological fields.