COVID-19 Vaccine: Between Myth and Truth

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Immunology
• Vaccinology

Background:

• The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to a global health crisis.
• SARS-CoV-2, a betacoronavirus, possesses structural proteins including the spike (S) protein crucial for cell entry and immune response.
• The urgent need for effective vaccines to curb transmission and reduce disease severity drove rapid development efforts.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review FDA- and/or EMA-authorized COVID-19 vaccines, focusing on mRNA and viral vector platforms.
• To address and debunk common myths surrounding COVID-19 vaccines.
• To discuss the influence of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and potential future vaccine developments.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of scientific publications and regulatory agency reports.
• Analysis of vaccine platforms, focusing on mRNA and viral vector technologies.
• Compilation and critical evaluation of information regarding vaccine efficacy, safety, and emerging viral variants.

Main Results:

• 178 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates have undergone clinical trials, with 33 approved globally.
• mRNA and viral vector platforms are prominent in authorized vaccines, targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
• The review addresses vaccine myths and highlights the ongoing challenge posed by viral variants.

Conclusions:

• The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines, particularly mRNA and viral vector types, has been crucial in combating the pandemic.
• Addressing misinformation and understanding the impact of viral variants are essential for future vaccination strategies.
• Continued research and development are necessary to adapt vaccines to evolving SARS-CoV-2 strains and ensure long-term public health protection.