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Related Concept Videos

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

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Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
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Members Made of Elastoplastic Material01:19

Members Made of Elastoplastic Material

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The behavior of elastoplastic materials under bending stresses, particularly in structural members with rectangular cross-sections, is crucial for predicting material responses and understanding failure modes. Initially, when a bending moment is applied, the stress distribution across the section follows Hooke's Law and is linear and elastic. This distribution means the stress increases from the neutral axis to the maximum at the outer fibers, up to the elastic limit.
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Rubber Material-Model Characterization for Coupled Thermo-Mechanical Vulcanization Foaming Processes.

Noelia Alcalá1, Mariana Castrillón1, Ismael Viejo1

  • 1Instituto Tecnológico de Aragón, C/María de Luna 7-8, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain.

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|March 26, 2022
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Summary

A new method characterizes ethylene propylene diene (EPDM) rubber

Keywords:
couplingfoamingkinetic reactionmaterial modelvulcanization

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Vulcanization and foaming are critical processes in cellular rubber production.
  • Understanding the interplay between these processes and material properties is essential for optimizing performance.
  • Existing methods may not fully capture the coupled kinetics and thermal-mechanical evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel experimental methodology for characterizing EPDM cellular rubber.
  • To establish the relationship between physical/mechanical properties and vulcanization/foaming temperatures.
  • To create an accurate material model for finite-element analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a new experimental technique for EPDM characterization.
  • Determined vulcanization and foaming reaction kinetics and their coupling.
  • Measured material parameters: conductivity, specific heat, expansion, and foaming coefficients.
  • Implemented a material model into finite-element (FE) codes.

Main Results:

  • The material model accurately reproduces coupled chemical kinetics of vulcanization and foaming.
  • Numerical model predictions show 90-99% accuracy compared to experimental cellular rubber expansion.
  • Results align with structural analysis and observed mechanical property loss.

Conclusions:

  • The developed methodology and material model provide accurate insights into EPDM cellular rubber behavior.
  • This enables precise simulation of material changes during vulcanization and foaming.
  • The findings facilitate optimized design and manufacturing of cellular rubber products.