Inkjet-Printed Functionalization of CMUT-Based CO₂ Sensors

The trade-off between the functionalization shift of the informative parameters and sensitivity of capacitive micromachined ultrasound transducers (CMUT)-based CO₂ sensors is addressed, and the CMUT surface modification process by thin inkjet-printed polyethyleneimine (PEI) films is optimized. It was shown that by the proper preparation of the active CMUT surface and properly diluted PEI solution, it is possible to minimize the functionalization shift of the resonance frequency and the quality of the resonance and preserve the sensitivity potential. So, after optimization, we demonstrated 23.2 kHz frequency shift readings of the sensor with 16 MHz nominal frequency while in the gas chamber and switching between pure N₂ and CO₂. After testing the sensors with different PEI film thickness, it was confirmed that a 200 nm average thickness of a PEI film is an optimum, because this is the practical limit of CO₂ absorption depth at given conditions. Additionally, we note that modification of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties of the CMUT surface allows changing the nanoscale surface roughness of the printed PEI film and controlling the area resolution of the inkjet functionalization by reducing the diameter of a single dot down to 150 μm by a commercially available printer cartridge.