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Fabrication and Testing of Photonic Thermometers
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An Integrated Millimeter-Wave Satellite Radiometer Working at Room-Temperature with High Photon Conversion

Kerlos Atia Abdalmalak1,2, Gabriel Santamaria Botello3, Mallika Irene Suresh4

  • 1Signal Theory and Communications Department, Carlos III University of Madrid, 28903 Madrid, Spain.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 26, 2022
PubMed
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This study introduces a novel room-temperature radiometer frontend for satellite earth observation. It uses electro-optic modulation for efficient millimeter-wave to optical conversion, outperforming existing technologies.

Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Optics
  • Microwave Engineering
  • Remote Sensing

Background:

  • Conventional Low Noise Amplifiers (LNAs) and Schottky mixers face limitations in sensitivity and operating temperature for advanced earth observation.
  • The need for compact, efficient, and room-temperature receiver frontends is critical for next-generation satellite missions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the design of an integrated 183GHz radiometer frontend for satellite-based earth observation.
  • To propose a novel receiver frontend utilizing electro-optic modulation as an alternative to traditional LNAs and Schottky mixers.
  • To achieve efficient millimeter-wave to optical signal conversion at room temperature.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing efficient electro-optic modulation of a laser pump with the millimeter-wave signal.
Keywords:
high photon conversion efficiencymillimeter-wave radiationoptoelectronic upconversionradiometersroom-temperature receiverssatellite earth observationwhispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators

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  • Employing a triply resonant high-Q Lithium Niobate (LN) Whispering Gallery Mode (WGM) resonator for nonlinear optical upconversion.
  • Engineering a micromachined millimeter-wave cavity for maximized optical mode overlap and phase matching.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved efficient millimeter-wave to 1550 nm optical upconversion via nonlinear optical processes.
    • Demonstrated a predicted normalized photon-conversion efficiency of approximately 10^-1 per mW pump power.
    • Exceeded the state-of-the-art by three orders of magnitude at millimeter-wave frequencies.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed electro-optic modulation approach offers a promising room-temperature, low-noise receiver frontend alternative.
    • The integrated design with a micromachined cavity and LN WGM resonator significantly enhances conversion efficiency.
    • A piezo-driven tuning mechanism simplifies manufacturing and compensates for tolerances, paving the way for practical implementation.