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Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Epidermis01:24

Cells of the Epidermis

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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
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The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
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Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
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Renewal of Skin Epidermal Stem Cells01:12

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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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Papillary Dermis01:11

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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Updated: Sep 29, 2025

Improving 2D and 3D Skin In Vitro Models Using Macromolecular Crowding
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Improving 2D and 3D Skin In Vitro Models Using Macromolecular Crowding

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Stratum corneum as polymer sheet: concept and cornification processes.

Teruasa Murata1, Tetsuya Honda2, Alshimaa Mostafa1

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.

Trends in Molecular Medicine
|March 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The skin barrier

Keywords:
calciumcell deathcornificationepidermiskeratinocytepHstratum corneum

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology and Cell Biology
  • Biophysics of biological barriers

Background:

  • The skin barrier, or stratum corneum, protects against environmental damage and dehydration.
  • It's composed of dead skin cells (corneocytes) embedded in lipids.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a new structural model for the stratum corneum.
  • To understand the molecular mechanisms controlling its formation.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual framework development
  • Analysis of corneocyte structure and lipid composition
  • Review of cellular processes like cornification and calcium/pH regulation

Main Results:

  • The stratum corneum is proposed as a flexible, robust structure of lipid-filled polymer sheets of corneocytes.
  • This updates the traditional 'bricks-and-mortar' model.
  • Cornification (polymerization) and corneoptosis (cell death) are regulated by intracellular calcium and pH.

Conclusions:

  • The new model offers a dynamic view of the stratum corneum's structure and formation.
  • Understanding these processes can improve treatments for skin diseases.
  • This research also sheds light on the evolution of the skin barrier.