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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....
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The Nucleosome Core Particle01:12

The Nucleosome Core Particle

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their primary aim is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. On the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access histone-bound DNA during...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 29, 2025

Complete Workflow for Analysis of Histone Post-translational Modifications Using Bottom-up Mass Spectrometry: From Histone Extraction to Data Analysis
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Histone post-translational modifications - cause and consequence of genome function.

Gonzalo Millán-Zambrano1,2, Adam Burton3, Andrew J Bannister4

  • 1Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC-Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.

Nature Reviews. Genetics
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Summary

Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate genome function by instructing or recording DNA-templated processes. Recent advances reveal their direct and indirect roles in gene regulation and genomic architecture.

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Global Level Quantification of Histone Post-Translational Modifications in a 3D Cell Culture Model of Hepatic Tissue
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) have been studied since the 1960s.
  • Recent advances include new PTM types, genome-wide mapping, and controlled PTM deposition/removal.
  • Vast data across biological systems are available.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the contribution of histone PTMs to genome function regulation.
  • To discuss whether PTMs play a causative or consequential role in DNA-templated processes.
  • To present advances showing PTMs exert direct and indirect effects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of histone PTM research.
  • Analysis of genome-wide mapping data.
  • Discussion of experimental methods for PTM manipulation.

Main Results:

  • Histone PTMs are crucial for regulating DNA-templated processes.
  • PTMs can be instructive, guiding processes, or consequential, recording events.
  • PTMs influence transcription, recombination, replication, DNA repair, and genomic architecture.

Conclusions:

  • Histone PTMs play a dual role in genome regulation.
  • Understanding PTMs' causative vs. consequential roles is key.
  • PTMs exert both direct and indirect effects on genome function.