Problems of official methods and new techniques for analysis of foods and feeds for vitamin A

The official methods for measuring vitamin A and carotene in foods and feeds have evolved over several decades. New procedures are needed to permit the use of modern analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography (LC), and to expand the application of official methods to a wide variety of foods. Recent improvements in methodology are reviewed. Emphasis is often placed on the separations achieved by LC, but all factors that affect quantitation, such as sampling, preparation of standards, and protection of the vitamin against oxidation, must be considered in the development of new methods. Many approaches to analysis are possible because of the versatility of LC but not all of them can be used in official methods. Methods for milk, margarine, and feeds can be prepared now for collaborative assays. Although straightforward methods can be developed for the measurement of beta-carotene in certain foods, a full examination of provitamins will probably continue to require a flexible approach and special expertise.