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Related Concept Videos

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:19

Acute Coronary Syndrome II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
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Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification01:25

Cardiomyopathy I: Introduction and Classification

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Cardiomyopathy, or CMP, is a group of diseases affecting the myocardial structure, impairing its ability to pump blood effectively. This condition can lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, or sudden cardiac death.Cardiomyopathies are classified into primary and secondary categories:Primary Cardiomyopathy refers to conditions involving only the heart muscle that are often idiopathic (of unknown cause) or genetic. They primarily affect the myocardium without the involvement of other systemic...
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Pathophysiology of Cardiac Performance01:29

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Typical heart performance is influenced by heart rate, rhythm, myocardial contraction, and metabolism or blood flow. The cardiac muscle exhibits distinct electrophysiological features, including pacemaker activity and calcium channel control, which play a vital role in the heart's response to various drugs. The autonomic nervous system, comprising the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, regulates heart rate. Sympathetic activation increases heart rate, while parasympathetic activation...
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Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
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Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...
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Updated: Sep 28, 2025

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COVID-19-Associated cardiac pathology at the postmortem evaluation: a collaborative systematic review.

Raghed Almamlouk1, Tarek Kashour2, Sawsan Obeidat1

  • 1College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|March 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This systematic review of 50 autopsy studies reveals high rates of acute and chronic cardiac pathologies in COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2 was frequently detected in the myocardium, but myocarditis was rare.

Keywords:
COVID-19Cardiac pathologyMyocarditisPostmortemSARS-CoV-2Systematic review

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Pathology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Autopsy Studies

Background:

  • Previous postmortem studies on COVID-19 cardiovascular effects had small sample sizes.
  • Understanding the full spectrum of cardiac complications requires larger data aggregation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review autopsy studies on COVID-19 cardiovascular complications.
  • To pool data from numerous autopsy studies to better understand cardiac pathology in COVID-19.
  • To investigate the prevalence of acute and chronic cardiac findings and SARS-CoV-2 presence in the myocardium.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic search of multiple online databases (Ovid, Scopus, Web of Science) and medRxiv for autopsy/histopathology studies combined with COVID-19.
  • Inclusion criteria: human postmortem cardiovascular findings in confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection cases.
  • Risk of bias assessment and calculation of median prevalence with interquartile ranges for various cardiac findings.

Main Results:

  • The review included 50 studies with 548 hearts; median age of deceased was 69 years.
  • Most prevalent acute findings: myocardial necrosis (100%) and edema (55.5%).
  • Most prevalent chronic changes: myocyte hypertrophy (69.0%) and fibrosis (35.0%). SARS-CoV-2 was detected in the myocardium in 60.8% of cases. Myocarditis prevalence was low (0.0%).

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 is associated with a high prevalence of both acute and chronic cardiac pathologies.
  • Evidence supports SARS-CoV-2 cardiac tropism.
  • The prevalence of myocarditis in COVID-19, based on autopsy findings, is low.