Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

546
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
546
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

737
γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
737
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

484
Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
484
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

307
Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
307
Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

1.1K
Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is...
1.1K
Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

292
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
292

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Beyond survival: Functionality and health-related quality of life among a cohort of ICU survivors 6 months after hospital discharge - a single-centre study in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa.

The Southern African journal of critical care : the official journal of the Critical Care Society·2025
Same author

Systematic review of the management options available for low anterior resection syndrome (LARS).

Techniques in coloproctology·2025
Same author

Symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder 6 weeks and 6 months after ICU: Six out of 10 survivors affected.

South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde·2024
Same author

Prediction of in-hospital mortality: An adaptive severity-of-illness score for a tertiary ICU in South Africa.

The Southern African journal of critical care : the official journal of the Critical Care Society·2022
Same author

Long-stay medical-surgical intensive care unit patients in South Africa: Quality of life and mortality 1 year after discharge.

South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde·2022
Same author

Fulminant intracranial hypertension secondary to oxytetracycline requiring urgent ventriculo-peritoneal shunt insertion.

Neuro-Chirurgie·2021
Same journal

Procalcitonin use in Acute Medicine in the United Kingdom: a survey of practice, barriers and facilitators.

Acute medicine·2026
Same journal

What does a job in Acute Medicine look like? Insights from the RCP 2023 Workforce Census.

Acute medicine·2026
Same journal

Embedding penicillin de-labelling in the AMU: a feasibility and safety pilot study with exploratory economic and environmental analysis.

Acute medicine·2026
Same journal

'Not All Swellings Are Angioedema' - An Overview And Systematic Approach For Acute Medical Physicians.

Acute medicine·2026
Same journal

The experiences of international medical graduates (IMGs) new to the NHS: an interpretive phenomenological analysis.

Acute medicine·2026
Same journal

Editorial - Differential attainment in training in the United Kingdom.

Acute medicine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 28, 2025

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats
08:47

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Published on: November 8, 2018

11.6K

Valproate-Associated Hyperammonaemic Encephalopathy.

P Anthonipillai1, G Sharp2, J Kimber3

  • 1Medicl Registrar, East Surrey Hospital.

Acute Medicine
|March 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A 55-year-old experienced altered consciousness due to Sodium Valproate-induced hyperammonaemic encephalopathy. This condition, caused by elevated ammonia levels from the medication, was misdiagnosed as post-ictal states.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment
08:36

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment

Published on: April 19, 2024

747
Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
07:01

Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice

Published on: May 16, 2019

9.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 28, 2025

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats
08:47

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats

Published on: November 8, 2018

11.6K
Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment
08:36

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment

Published on: April 19, 2024

747
Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
07:01

Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice

Published on: May 16, 2019

9.2K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Clinical Toxicology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Altered consciousness is a common neurological symptom with diverse etiologies.
  • Sodium Valproate is a widely prescribed antiepileptic and mood-stabilizing drug.
  • Hyperammonaemic encephalopathy is a potentially reversible condition characterized by elevated ammonia levels affecting brain function.

Observation:

  • A 55-year-old male presented recurrently with fluctuating levels of consciousness.
  • The patient's episodes were frequently misinterpreted as post-ictal states following seizures.
  • Initial diagnostic workup did not immediately identify the underlying cause.

Findings:

  • The patient was diagnosed with Sodium Valproate-induced hyperammonaemic encephalopathy.
  • Laboratory investigations revealed elevated ammonia levels.
  • Cessation of Sodium Valproate led to the resolution of encephalopathic symptoms.

Implications:

  • Highlights the importance of considering medication side effects in patients with altered consciousness.
  • Underscores the potential for Sodium Valproate to induce hyperammonaemia and encephalopathy.
  • Emphasizes the need for vigilant monitoring of ammonia levels in patients on Sodium Valproate, especially with neurological symptoms.