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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

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Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Translation01:31

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
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Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria01:29

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

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The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems
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Pervasive translation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Carol Smith1, Jill G Canestrari1, Archer J Wang1

  • 1Wadsworth Center, Division of Genetics, New York State Department of Health, Albany, United States.

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|March 28, 2022
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Summary

Researchers discovered many new, short protein-coding regions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using ribosome profiling. Some of these newly found ORFs (open reading frames) may evolve into new functional proteins, enhancing our understanding of bacterial gene expression.

Keywords:
Mycobacterium tuberculosisinfectious diseaseleaderlessmicrobiologynonepervasive translationsORFsmall protein

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Automated algorithms often miss bacterial ORFs (open reading frames) lacking standard features like sufficient length or Shine-Dalgarno sequences.
  • Understanding the full extent of translation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is crucial for comprehending its biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify actively translated ORFs in Mycobacterium tuberculosis using ribosome profiling.
  • To characterize the features and potential functions of newly discovered ORFs.

Main Methods:

  • Ribosome profiling was employed to capture actively translated regions of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis transcriptome.
  • Bioinformatic analyses, including codon usage, were performed on identified ORFs.

Main Results:

  • A significant number of previously undescribed ORFs were identified, indicating pervasive translation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
  • Many newly identified ORFs were short (≤50 amino acids), with some showing signs of purifying selection.
  • Ninety new ORFs (median length 52 codons) exhibited hallmarks of purifying selection, suggesting functional potential.

Conclusions:

  • The Mycobacterium tuberculosis transcriptome is pervasively translated, including numerous short ORFs.
  • These newly identified ORFs represent a potential reservoir for the evolution of novel functional proteins.
  • Ribosome profiling is effective for discovering functionally relevant ORFs missed by traditional methods.