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Updated: Sep 28, 2025

Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies

Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies

Published on: September 15, 2016

X marks the spot in autoimmunity.

Alessio Gerussi^1,2, Chiara Caime^1,2, Eleonora Binatti^1,2

¹Division of Gastroenterology, Center for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza Italy.

Expert Review of Clinical Immunology

|March 29, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Females exhibit higher autoimmunity rates, partly due to the X chromosome (chrX). Genes on chrX escaping inactivation in immune cells contribute to this sex bias in autoimmune diseases.

Keywords:

Autoimmune diseases X-chromosome inactivation autoimmunity escape from X-chromosome inactivation mammalian evolution sex bias sex chromosomes

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Genetics
Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

Autoimmune diseases disproportionately affect females.
Hormonal factors and chromosome X (chrX) are implicated in this sex predominance.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role of chrX in female susceptibility to autoimmunity.
To discuss chrX inactivation, gene escape, and evolutionary aspects.

Main Methods:

Literature review on chrX inactivation and gene escape.
Analysis of X-linked genes involved in immune function and autoimmunity.

Main Results:

Several chrX genes escape inactivation in female immune cells.
The expression of these escaping genes is variable and not fully understood.

Conclusions:

Gene escape from chrX inactivation is a significant factor in female autoimmunity.
Further research on the mechanisms controlling gene escape plasticity is needed.