Knockdown of Maged1 inhibits cell cycle progression and causes cell death in mouse embryonic stem cells

Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are characterized by self-renewal and pluripotency and can undergo differentiation into the three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm). Melanoma-associated antigen D1 (Maged1), which is expressed in all developing and adult tissues, modulates tissue regeneration and development. In the present study, we examined the expression and function of Maged1 in mESCs. Maged1 protein and mRNA expression increased during mESC differentiation. The pluripotency of mESCs was significantly reduced through extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation upon knockdown of Maged1, and through G₁ cell cycle arrest during cell division, resulting in significantly reduced mESC proliferation. Moreover, the diameter of the embryoid bodies was significantly reduced, accompanied by increased levels of ectodermal differentiation markers and decreased levels of mesodermal and endodermal differentiation markers. Maged1-knockdown mESC lines showed significantly reduced teratoma volumes and inhibition of teratoma formation in nude mice. Additionally, we observed increased ectodermal markers but decreased mesodermal and endodermal markers in teratoma tissues. These findings show that Maged1 affects mESC pluripotency, proliferation, cell cycle, and differentiation, thereby contributing to our understanding of the basic molecular biological mechanisms and potential roles of Maged1 as a regulator of various mESC properties.