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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

44.6K
A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids02:26

Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Equation of State01:07

Equation of State

2.0K
The equation of state is an equation that relates physical quantities, such as pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of moles, of a thermodynamics system with each other. The equation relating physical quantities with each other can be a simple mathematical expression or too complicated to express in mathematical form. In either case, a relationship between physical quantities exists. If the equation of state cannot be expressed in a mathematical form, then experimental data and...
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States of Matter01:20

States of Matter

1.9K
Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
Scientists have discovered a fourth state of matter, plasma, that occurs naturally in the interiors...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 28, 2025

High-pressure Sapphire Cell for Phase Equilibria Measurements of CO2/Organic/Water Systems
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A Modified Solid-Liquid-Gas Phase Equation of State.

Chaoping Mo1, Guangdong Zhang1, Zhiwei Zhang1

  • 1Petroleum Engineering School, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu 610500, China.

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|March 30, 2022
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Summary

A modified solid-liquid-gas equation of state improves predictions for hydrocarbons and other substances. This new model accurately forecasts phase transitions and estimates solid sulfur solubility.

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • The van der Waals equation, a foundational cubic equation of state, lacks accuracy for predicting gas-liquid properties.
  • Existing solid-liquid-gas equations of state (SLV-EOS) struggle with hydrocarbon properties in gas reservoirs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a modified solid-liquid-gas unified equation of state (SLV-EOS) with enhanced predictive capabilities.
  • To extend the applicability of the Peng-Robinson equation of state beyond fluid phases.

Main Methods:

  • Constructed a modified SLV-EOS incorporating the critical compressibility factor (Zc).
  • Introduced minimum liquid-phase volume at the triple point to constrain equation parameters.
  • Avoided Maxwell's equal-area rule for solid-liquid transformations.

Main Results:

  • Predicted phase transition diagrams (p-T and p-ρ) for methane, ethane, propane, CO2, H2S, and sulfur show good agreement with experimental data.
  • The methodology is applicable to substances denser in the solid than liquid phase.
  • The modified equation estimates solid sulfur solubility.

Conclusions:

  • The modified SLV-EOS provides accurate predictions for phase behavior across solid, liquid, and gas states.
  • This approach enhances the predictive power for hydrocarbon reservoirs and other chemical substances.
  • The model offers a valuable tool for estimating solubility data where experimental measurements are unavailable.