Prognosis of Chronically Ventilated Patients in a Long-Term Ventilation Facility: Association with Age, Consciousness and Cognitive State

Background: The number of adults requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) including those with cognitive impairment or disorders of consciousness is escalating. We aimed to compare in a long-term acute care hospital (LTACH) mortality and length of stay (LOS) among three age groups (40-59y, 60-79y, ≥80y) of hospitalized PMV patients, and according to consciousness and cognitive state at admission. Methods: We obtained data from the health records of 308 adults aged ≥40 years requiring PMV hospitalized at a Chronic Ventilator Dependent Unit in a LTACH between 01/01/2015 to 06/30/2019 and followed-up until discharge or death or until 12/31/2019. Results: At admission to LTACH, 42.2% of PMV patients were in a vegetative state/ minimally conscious state (VS/MCS); 32.5% were severely cognitively impaired, 11.0% were mildly to moderately cognitively impaired, 12.3% had no cognitive impairment, and 1.9% had intellectual disability/psychiatric disorder. In-LTACH LOS (months) decreased from 34.6 ± 42.6 at age 40-59y, 19.1 ± 22.3 at 60-79y to 14.4 ± 19.3 at age ≥80y (p = .006). In-LTACH mortality was 30.6% for 40-59y, 41.1% for 60-79y and 54.8% for age ≥80y. In-LTACH LOS (months) was 23.8 ± 30.7 for VS/MCS, 15.1 ± 19.5 for the severely cognitively impaired, 10.0 ± 12.8 for mild to moderate cognitive impairment and 18.9 ± 21.9 for those without cognitive impairment (p = .02). In-LTACH mortality was 50.8% for VS/MCS, 58.0% for the severely cognitively impaired, 26.5% for mild to moderate cognitive impairment and 13.2% for those without cognitive impairment (p < .001). Conclusion: In this population requiring PMV, mortality and in-LTACH LOS worsened with age. In-LTACH LOS was longest for VS/MCS patients, who had a mean survival of about two years, followed by those without cognitive impairment and then those with severe cognitive impairment. Mortality was associated with worse consciousness and cognitive state. These findings highlight the importance of discussing end-of-life decisions with patients and family members regarding resuscitation/intubation and the long-term management of these patients.