Clinical and histopathological features of myositis in systemic lupus erythematosus

The objectives of this study were to compare the clinical features of patients with SLE with and without myopathy and to describe the muscle biopsy features of patients with SLE myopathy.

This nested case-control study included all subjects enrolled in the Hopkins Lupus Cohort database from May 1987 to June 2016. Subjects with elevated creatine kinase along with evidence of muscle oedema on MRI, myopathic electromyography and/or myopathic muscle biopsy features were defined as having SLE myopathy. Demographic, serological and clinical features were compared between patients with SLE with and without myopathy. Muscle biopsies were histologically classified as polymyositis, dermatomyositis, necrotising myopathy or non-specific myositis.

From among 2437 patients with SLE, 179 (7.3%) had myopathy. African American patients were more likely to develop myositis than Caucasian patients (p<0.0001). Compared with those without myopathy, patients with SLE myopathy were more likely to have malar rash (OR 1.67, 1.22-2.29), photosensitivity (OR 1.43, 1.04-1.96), arthritis (OR 1.81, 1.21-2.69), pleurisy (OR 1.77, 1.3-2.42), pericarditis (OR 1.49, 1.06-2.08), acute confusional state (OR 2.07, 1.09-3.94), lymphopaenia (OR 1.64, 1.2-2.24), anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (OR 1.52, 1.09-2.13), lupus anticoagulant (OR 1.42, 1-2), cognitive impairment (OR 1.87, 1.12-3.13), cataract (OR 1.5, 1.04-2.18), pulmonary hypertension (OR 1.98, 1.13-3.47), pleural fibrosis (OR 2.01, 1.27-3.18), premature gonadal failure (OR 1.9, 1.05-3.43), diabetes (OR 1.92, 1.22-3.02) or hypertension (OR 1.45, 1.06-2). Among 16 muscle biopsies available for review, the most common histological classifications were necrotising myositis (50%) and dermatomyositis (38%).

Patients with SLE myopathy have a higher prevalence of numerous SLE disease manifestations. Necrotising myopathy and dermatomyositis are the most prevalent histopathological features in SLE myopathy.