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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
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Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Three ipsilateral paracondylar processes with other skull base variations: case report.

Annie Syed1, Łukasz Olewnik2, Georgi P Georgiev3

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.

Anatomy & Cell Biology
|March 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study details unique bony variations in the adult skull base, specifically multiple paracondylar processes on the occipital bone. Understanding these anatomical variations is crucial for surgical planning and radiological interpretation.

Keywords:
AnatomyHypoglossal canalSkull baseSurgeryVariation

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomical variations
  • Skull base morphology
  • Surgical anatomy

Background:

  • Skull base variations impact surgical approaches.
  • Accurate radiological interpretation requires awareness of anatomical anomalies.
  • The paracondylar region is critical for neurosurgical and otological procedures.

Observation:

  • A single adult skull exhibited multiple bony excrescences in the occipital bone's paracondylar region.
  • Three distinct bony processes were identified, measuring 7 mm, 12 mm, and 17 mm.
  • These variations included a process attached to the occipital condyle and one arising from the jugular process.

Findings:

  • The identified bony excrescences represent significant anatomical variations of the occipital bone.
  • The paracondylar processes varied in size and point of origin.
  • These findings highlight the potential for complex and unique anatomical presentations at the skull base.

Implications:

  • Knowledge of these skull base variations is vital for surgeons operating in the region.
  • Radiologists must consider such anomalies for accurate diagnostic interpretation.
  • Awareness of paracondylar process variations can prevent intraoperative complications and improve patient outcomes.