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Related Concept Videos

Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Detection of RNA-binding Proteins by In Vitro RNA Pull-down in Adipocyte Culture
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Mechanistic insights into non-coding Y RNA processing.

Martina Billmeier1,2, Darrell Green3, Adam E Hall1,4

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.

RNA Biology
|March 31, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The biogenesis of Y RNA-derived small RNAs (ysRNAs) is structure-dependent, with specific sequences and secondary structures in RNY5 critical for producing 3' and 5' ysRNAs. Intact RO60 protein is essential for this process.

Keywords:
Y RNAapoptosiscancernon-coding RNAsmall RNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Y RNAs are non-coding RNAs involved in DNA/RNA replication and stability, with implications in cancer.
  • During cellular stress and apoptosis, Y RNAs are processed into Y RNA-derived small RNAs (ysRNAs).
  • The fundamental biogenesis of ysRNAs remains largely undescribed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the structural and sequence determinants of Y RNA cleavage into ysRNAs.
  • To identify the key factors involved in ysRNA biogenesis.
  • To investigate the role of RO60 protein and endoribonucleases in Y RNA processing.

Main Methods:

  • High-throughput mutagenesis of RNY5 to identify critical sequences and structures.
  • Analysis of ysRNA size and production in response to mutations.
  • Investigation of RO60 protein's role in ysRNA biogenesis.
  • Assessment of ribonuclease L (RNASEL) and other endoribonucleases in Y RNA cleavage.

Main Results:

  • 3' end cleavage of RNY5 is structure-dependent, occurring above a GC-rich stem.
  • An internal loop above stem S3 and a UGGGU motif at position 22 of RNY5 are critical for producing 3' and 5' ysRNAs, respectively.
  • Intact RO60 protein is essential for ysRNA biogenesis.
  • RNASEL contributes to Y RNA cleavage in mouse cells, but other endoribonucleases are involved in human cells.

Conclusions:

  • Y RNA cleavage into ysRNAs is a highly regulated process dependent on specific RNA structures and sequences.
  • RO60 protein plays a crucial role in facilitating ysRNA production.
  • The biogenesis of ysRNAs involves multiple endoribonucleases, with RNASEL being one contributor.