From waste to waste: iron blast furnace slag for heavy metal ions removal from aqueous system

Inordinate levels of heavy metals in water sources have long been a matter of concern, posing serious environmental and public health risks. Adsorption, on the other hand, is a viable technique for removing heavy metals from water due to its high efficiency, low cost, and ease of operation. Blast furnace slag (BFS) is considered a cheap sorbent for the get rid of Co²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions from aqueous media. The nonmodified slag is characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and zeta potential. The removal of Co²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions was carried out using batch adsorption experiments from an aqueous medium. The influence of several variables as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, temperature, and initial ions concentration was considered. The isotherm, kinetic, thermodynamic, and recyclability were also conducted. The maximum uptake capacity for Co²⁺ and Pb²⁺ was 43.8 and 30.2 mg g^-1 achieved at pH 6 after 60 min contact time. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of BFS for Co²⁺ and Pb²⁺ fitted well to Avrami and Freundlich models, respectively. The main adsorption mechanism between BFS and the metal ions was ion exchange. The regeneration of the used slag was studied for reuse many cycles. In terms of economics and scalability, nonmodified BFS treatment has great potential as a cost-effective adsorbent that could be used in water pollution treatment.