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Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Necrosis01:16

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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 28, 2025

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons
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Neurotoxicity: A Rare Side Effect of Programmed Cell Death 1 (PD-1) Inhibitors.

Syed Ehsanullah1, Syed Hasan2, Faran S Polani3

  • 1Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA.

Cureus
|March 31, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, like PD-1 inhibitors, show remarkable cancer response but can cause immune-related adverse events. This case highlights severe neurotoxicity in a non-small cell lung cancer patient treated with pembrolizumab.

Keywords:
anti-pd-1immuno-checkpoint inhibitorimmunotherapy adverse effectlung cancernon-small cell lung cancer (nsclc)

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Last Updated: Sep 28, 2025

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Cell Death Associated with Abnormal Mitosis Observed by Confocal Imaging in Live Cancer Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Immunotherapy, a biological cancer treatment, utilizes the body's immune system.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors, particularly Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) inhibitors, are increasingly utilized for various malignancies.
  • The rising use of PD-1 inhibitors has brought immune-related adverse events (irAEs) to the forefront of clinical attention.

Observation:

  • A 54-year-old female diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) received pembrolizumab treatment.
  • Following treatment, the patient experienced severe neurotoxicity.

Findings:

  • Pembrolizumab, an immune checkpoint inhibitor targeting PD-1, was administered to the patient.
  • The patient developed significant neurological adverse events, a rare but serious irAE.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the potential for severe neurotoxicity as an immune-related adverse event associated with PD-1 inhibitor therapy.
  • Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for neurological complications in patients undergoing immunotherapy for NSCLC.
  • Further research is warranted to understand and manage these rare but critical irAEs.