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Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Updated: Sep 28, 2025

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
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Antigen-Presenting B Cells Program the Efferent Lymph T Helper Cell Response.

Samuel Alsén1,2, Jakob Cervin1, Yaxiong Deng3,4

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.

Frontiers in Immunology
|March 31, 2022
PubMed
Summary

B cells critically program T helper (Th) cell responses in lymph, influencing gut-homing Th cells and T follicular helper (Tfh)-like cells after antigen exposure.

Keywords:
B cellsT cellsefferent lymphgut-homing CD4+ T cellssmall intestinal lamina propria

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • T-cell and B-cell interactions

Background:

  • T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and B cells collaborate in germinal centers (GCs) to produce high-affinity antibodies.
  • The influence of T-B cell interactions on circulating and tissue-resident T helper (Th) cells remains less understood.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for dissecting adaptive immune responses beyond the germinal center.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how cognate T-B cell interactions shape T helper cell populations in efferent lymph.
  • To determine the role of B cells in the generation and egress of gut-homing Th cells and Tfh-like cells.
  • To elucidate the temporal dynamics and transcriptional programming of Th cells influenced by B cells post-immunization.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of mice lacking MHC-II expressing B cells.
  • Thoracic duct cannulation to analyze Th cells in efferent lymph.
  • Flow cytometry and transcriptional analysis of T cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and efferent lymph.

Main Results:

  • Antigen-specific gut-homing Th cells (α4β7+) egress into circulation before Tfh-like cells (CXCR5+PD-1+).
  • B cells are essential for the appearance of Tfh-like cells but have limited impact on early gut-homing Th cell generation.
  • B cell interaction programs Th cells, inducing IL-4 production specific to the Tfh lineage and influencing gut-homing capacity.

Conclusions:

  • B cells critically program the efferent lymph T helper cell response within a defined post-antigenic challenge window.
  • Cognate B-cell interactions shape both gut-homing Th cells and IL-4-producing Tfh-like cells with gut-homing potential.
  • This study reveals a significant role for B cells in directing T cell differentiation and trafficking beyond germinal centers.