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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Special Senses01:26

Introduction to Special Senses

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Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into the nervous system's electrochemical signals. This conversion occurs as the stimulus alters the sensory neuron's cell membrane potential, instigating the generation of an action potential. This action potential is subsequently transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates with other sensory data or higher cognitive...
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What is a Sensory System?01:31

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Sensory systems detect stimuli—such as light and sound waves—and transduce them into neural signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system. In addition to external stimuli detected by the senses, some sensory systems detect internal stimuli—such as the proprioceptors in muscles and tendons that send feedback about limb position.
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Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System01:11

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The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
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Somatosensation01:33

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
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Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Mechanically-gated Ion Channels01:12

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Mechanically-gated ion channels are proteins found in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes that open in response to mechanical stress. Tension, compression, swelling, and shear stress can alter the conformation of the protein, opening a transmembrane channel that allows the passage of ions for signal transmission. In eukaryotes, mechanically-gated channels are distributed in several regions like the neurons, lungs, skin, bladder, and heart, where they play critical roles in numerous...
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Updated: Sep 28, 2025

Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses
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The mechanical forces that shape our senses.

Anh Phuong Le1,2,3,4, Jin Kim1,2,3,4, Karl R Koehler1,2,3,4

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|March 31, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Physical forces guide embryonic organ development. New research highlights mechanical roles in sensory organ formation, from eyes to skin, using advanced imaging and organoid models.

Keywords:
MechanobiologyNeural crestOrganoidsPlacodesSensory developmentStem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Biophysics
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Embryonic organogenesis relies on physical interactions.
  • Advances in live-cell imaging and material science enhance understanding of mechanical forces.
  • Epithelial organs like eyes, ears, nose, and skin arise from the ectoderm but form unique structures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overview mechanical forces in embryonic development.
  • To focus on the role of physical forces in sensory organ formation (eyes, inner ears, nose, skin).
  • To explore how organoid systems offer insights into human developmental principles.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent animal studies on mechanical forces in development.
  • Analysis of live-cell imaging and material science techniques.
  • Investigation of microfabricated organoid systems.

Main Results:

  • Mechanical forces are crucial for shaping sensory organs.
  • Specific examples include thickening of sensory placodes, cochlear coiling, and hair lengthening.
  • Organoid systems provide novel insights into physical principles of human development.

Conclusions:

  • Physical forces are fundamental drivers of embryonic organ development.
  • Understanding these forces is key to deciphering the formation of complex sensory structures.
  • Organoid models represent a powerful tool for studying human development and disease.