Retrieval suppression induced forgetting on 1-week-old consolidated episodic memories

Retrieval suppression has been established to cause forgetting on a wide range of memory types, but mostly in newly formed memories. Over time, the consolidation process stabilizes memory and changes the memory locus in the brain, which may affect the effectiveness of retrieval suppression. In two experiments, we examined whether retrieval suppression can induce forgetting on consolidated episodic memories and explored its potential reliance on explicit memory reactivation or spontaneous memory intrusions to destabilize the consolidated memory. We found that, compared with associative interference, another well-established forgetting approach, retrieval suppression consistently induced forgetting on 1-week-old memories. This suppression-induced forgetting was uncovered stably via an independent retrieval cue, suggesting its effect being on the target memory itself. However, we did not find evidence of modulation on the suppression-induced forgetting by either explicit reactivation or spontaneous intrusions. Together, our results extend the suppression-induced forgetting to episodic memories that have been consolidated for 1 week and suggest that retrieval suppression could destabilize consolidated memories.