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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria, utilizing their genetic material to hijack host cellular machinery for replication. DNA bacteriophages employ single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genomes. These phages exhibit diverse replication strategies and host interactions, influencing their ecological roles and applications in biotechnology and medicine.ssDNA BacteriophagesssDNA phages, with their small genomes, utilize unique strategies to...
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Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are specialized viruses that infect bacteria. A key characteristic of phages is their distinctive “head-tail” morphology. A phage begins the infection process (i.e., lytic cycle) by attaching to the outside of a bacterial cell. Attachment is accomplished via proteins in the phage tail that bind to specific receptor proteins on the outer surface of the bacterium. The tail injects the phage’s DNA genome into the bacterial cytoplasm. In the...
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The lysogenic cycle is a crucial viral replication strategy that allows bacteriophages to persist within host cells without immediately destroying them. This process is primarily observed in temperate phages, such as bacteriophage lambda (λ), which infects Escherichia coli. The cycle allows the viral genome to persist across bacterial generations while keeping host cells viable.Integration of the Viral GenomeUpon infection, bacteriophage lambda attaches to the bacterial surface and injects...
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle01:20

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Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...
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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Phage-bacterial evolutionary interactions: experimental models and complications.

Greater Kayode Oyejobi1,2,3,4, Xiaoxu Zhang1,2, Dongyan Xiong1,2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.

Critical Reviews in Microbiology
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Bacterial resistance to phage therapy is a growing concern. This review examines phage-bacterial interactions and their implications for developing effective phage therapy strategies against antimicrobial resistance.

Keywords:
Coevolutionantimicrobial resistancefitness costsphage resistancephage therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Antimicrobial resistance necessitates alternative treatments like phage therapy.
  • Bacterial resistance to bacteriophages (phages) poses a significant challenge to phage therapy's efficacy.
  • Understanding phage-bacterial coevolution is crucial for successful clinical applications.

Approach:

  • Summarizes experimental evolution studies on phage resistance in bacteria.
  • Analyzes coevolutionary dynamics, resistance mechanisms, and fitness costs.
  • Critically evaluates the limitations of in vitro studies for in vivo applications.

Key Points:

  • Bacterial resistance to phages can undermine phage therapy effectiveness.
  • Experimental evolution studies provide insights into phage-bacterial interactions.
  • In vitro findings may not fully represent complex in vivo disease conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Exploiting phage-bacterial interactions is key to successful infection management.
  • Further research is needed to address limitations and optimize phage therapy.
  • Future perspectives focus on directing phage research for clinical success.