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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 28, 2025

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
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Direct eye gaze enhances the ventriloquism effect.

Nadine Lavan1, Wing Yue Chan2, Yongping Zhuang2

  • 1Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK. N.Lavan@qmul.ac.uk.

Attention, Perception & Psychophysics
|April 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Direct eye gaze enhances the ventriloquism effect, making sounds seem to originate from a face. This study shows how visual cues, specifically direct gaze, influence auditory perception and enhance this illusion.

Keywords:
Direct gazeEye gazeSound localizationVentriloquism effectVoice

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Perception

Background:

  • The ventriloquism effect is an auditory illusion where sound location is influenced by visual stimuli.
  • Ventriloquists leverage this effect, manipulating mouth movements and eye gaze to create illusions.
  • The specific impact of direct eye gaze on the ventriloquism effect was previously unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of direct eye gaze in modulating the ventriloquism effect.
  • To determine if faces themselves attract perceived sound location.
  • To explore potential influences of listener race on the ventriloquism effect.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1: Participants localized sounds presented with faces exhibiting direct gaze or closed eyes.
  • Experiment 2: Replicated Experiment 1, comparing faces to audio-only conditions.
  • Utilized sound localization tasks on the azimuthal plane.

Main Results:

  • Direct eye gaze significantly enhanced the ventriloquism effect, pulling perceived sound location towards the face.
  • Faces, in general, attracted perceived sound location compared to audio-only stimuli.
  • No evidence of an other-race effect was found between White and Asian listeners.

Conclusions:

  • Socially salient cues like direct eye gaze can modulate the ventriloquism effect.
  • This finding supports the influence of top-down processing on auditory perception.
  • Eye gaze is a critical factor in multisensory integration and spatial audio illusions.