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Updated: Sep 28, 2025

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection
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A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

Published on: August 14, 2019

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Association between influenza vaccination, all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality: a protocol for a living

Rong Liu1,2, Anushka Patel2, Xin Du1,2,3

  • 1Heart Health Research Center, Beijing, China.

BMJ Open
|April 1, 2022
PubMed

Insights

Influenza vaccination may reduce cardiovascular events in high-risk individuals. This living systematic review and meta-analysis will assess influenza vaccine efficacy and safety for preventing mortality and cardiovascular events.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Influenza infection elevates cardiovascular event risk, particularly in those with pre-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  • International guidelines recommend annual influenza vaccination for high-risk CVD populations, yet evidence on efficacy and safety remains debated.
  • Previous systematic reviews found uncertain evidence for influenza vaccine efficacy in preventing cardiovascular events, with limited safety data in CVD populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a living systematic review and prospective meta-analysis evaluating influenza vaccine efficacy and safety.
  • To assess the prevention of mortality or cardiovascular events in general and pre-existing CVD populations.
  • To provide updated evidence influencing clinical recommendations and public health strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and prospective meta-analysis methodology.
  • Inclusion of randomized controlled trials and observational studies meeting PICO criteria.
  • Living systematic review maintained for 3 years with 6-month updates, including independent literature searches and risk of bias assessment.

Main Results:

  • Efficacy of influenza vaccines in preventing mortality and cardiovascular events.
  • Safety profile of influenza vaccines in populations with and without pre-existing CVD.
  • Updated summary estimates based on emerging large-scale randomized controlled trials.

Conclusions:

  • The study will synthesize current evidence on influenza vaccine effectiveness for cardiovascular health.
  • Findings will inform updated guidelines and vaccination strategies for at-risk populations.
  • This living review ensures timely dissemination of the latest research findings.
Abstract

Keywords:
cardiologyinfectious diseasespreventive medicine

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