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We developed new methods, global passivity and passivity deformation, to detect hidden heat leaks in quantum systems. These techniques offer improved sensitivity for identifying environmental coupling, even when traditional thermodynamics fails.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Thermodynamics
  • Quantum Information Science
  • Experimental Physics

Background:

  • Passivity is a fundamental concept in thermodynamics, defining limits on the evolution of systems in thermal equilibrium.
  • Detecting subtle environmental coupling (heat leaks) in microscopic systems is crucial for quantum technologies.
  • Traditional thermodynamic laws may not be sensitive enough to detect these heat leaks in isolated quantum systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally demonstrate the utility of global passivity and passivity deformation for detecting coupling to hidden environments.
  • To compare the sensitivity of these passivity frameworks against each other and against a microscopic second law of thermodynamics.
  • To validate the detection of heat leaks using only system qubit measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a trapped-ion quantum processor to implement a quantum system with optional coupling to an unobserved environment qubit.
  • Applied global passivity framework to analyze system qubit measurement data.
  • Employed passivity deformation framework for enhanced detection of heat leaks.
  • Compared results with a microscopic equivalent of the second law of thermodynamics.

Main Results:

  • Global passivity successfully verified the presence of a heat leak, a phenomenon missed by the microscopic second law.
  • Passivity deformation exhibited superior sensitivity in detecting heat leaks compared to global passivity.
  • A heat leak was detected with high statistical significance (5.3 standard deviations) in a challenging scenario.

Conclusions:

  • Global passivity and passivity deformation are effective tools for identifying heat leaks in quantum systems.
  • Passivity deformation offers a more sensitive approach for detecting environmental coupling than global passivity.
  • These experimental findings advance the understanding and control of quantum systems interacting with their environment.