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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

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Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac...
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
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Related Experiment Video

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Simple Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Freely Moving Mice
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Expert Roundtable on Continuous Glucose Monitoring.

Cheryl Rosenfeld1, Thomas Blevins2, Grazia Aleppo3

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Summary

Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is recommended for type 2 diabetes management, offering detailed insights beyond traditional methods. Experts developed a toolkit to address CGM adoption barriers like cost and data management.

Keywords:
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologycontinuous glucose monitoringelectronic health recordhypoglycemiatime in rangetype 2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetes Management
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) management relies on blood glucose monitoring and HbA1c, which offer limited real-time data.
  • Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) presents an opportunity for more comprehensive glycemic insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish expert consensus on the use of CGM in T2DM.
  • To identify advantages, barriers, and best practices for CGM implementation.
  • To develop practical tools for clinicians integrating CGM into primary care.

Main Methods:

  • Virtual expert panel discussions involving endocrinologists, primary care physicians, and diabetes educators.
  • Development of clinical practice recommendations and a practical toolkit for CGM integration.

Main Results:

  • CGM is recommended as a supplement to blood glucose monitoring and HbA1c for T2DM.
  • CGM aids in predicting and managing glycemic excursions (hypo- and hyperglycemia).
  • A toolkit was created to guide CGM integration, interpretation, and patient management.

Conclusions:

  • CGM provides superior glucose tracking compared to traditional methods, detecting asymptomatic hypoglycemia.
  • Barriers to widespread CGM adoption include provider education, cost, and data management challenges.
  • Expert consensus supports CGM as a valuable tool for improving T2DM care when challenges are addressed.