A fractional-order mathematical model for COVID-19 outbreak with the effect of symptomatic and asymptomatic...

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the transmission dynamics of a fractional-order mathematical model of COVID-19 including susceptible ( $$ ), exposed ( $$ ), asymptomatic infected ( $$ ), symptomatic infected ( $$ ), and recovered ( $$ ) classes named $$ model, using the Caputo fractional derivative. Here, $$ model describes the effect of asymptomatic and symptomatic transmissions on coronavirus disease outbreak. The existence and uniqueness of the solution are studied with the help of Schaefer- and Banach-type fixed point theorems. Sensitivity analysis of the model in terms of the variance of each parameter is examined, and the basic reproduction number $$ to discuss the local stability at two equilibrium points is proposed. Using the Routh-Hurwitz criterion of stability, it is found that the disease-free equilibrium will be stable for $$ whereas the endemic equilibrium becomes stable for $$ and unstable otherwise. Moreover, the numerical simulations for various values of fractional-order are carried out with the help of the fractional Euler method. The numerical results show that asymptomatic transmission has a lower impact on the disease outbreak rather than symptomatic transmission. Finally, the simulated graph of total infected population by proposed model here is compared with the real data of second-wave infected population of COVID-19 outbreak in India.