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Related Concept Videos

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease01:22

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

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COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...
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Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.01:25

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

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Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
Symptoms of COPD can be classified as primary or systemic. Primary symptoms relate to reduced airflow, while systemic or extrapulmonary symptoms relate to COPD's broader impact on the body.
Primary Symptoms of COPD:
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Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

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Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
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Updated: Sep 28, 2025

Refined Murine Model of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
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Post-COVID-19 Pulmonary Fibrosis.

Asma Mohammadi1,2, Irina Balan3, Shikha Yadav4,2

  • 1Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA.

Cureus
|April 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes severe lung damage and fibrosis. Research explores anti-fibrotic drugs and anti-inflammatory treatments to manage long-term COVID-19 lung complications.

Keywords:
ardscovid-19covid-19 and pulmonary fibrosislung fibrosissars cov and pulmonary fibrosis

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Oropharyngeal Administration of Bleomycin in the Murine Model of Pulmonary Fibrosis
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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leads to high mortality, primarily due to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).
  • Comorbidities like advanced age, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and obesity exacerbate COVID-19 severity.
  • Lung injury involves inflammation, elevated TGF-β, IL-6, MMPs, and collagen deposition, leading to pulmonary fibrosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis in severe COVID-19.
  • To discuss potential therapeutic strategies for post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis.
  • To highlight the need for further research into managing long-term COVID-19 sequelae.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on COVID-19 pathogenesis and pulmonary fibrosis.
  • Analysis of risk factors and inflammatory markers associated with severe COVID-19.
  • Evaluation of current and potential anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory treatments.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers inflammatory pathways that promote lung scarring and fibrosis.
  • Pirfenidone and Nintedanib show promise as treatments for post-COVID-19 pulmonary fibrosis.
  • Lung transplantation may be a last resort for severe cases.

Conclusions:

  • Pulmonary fibrosis is a significant long-term complication of severe COVID-19.
  • Anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory therapies require further investigation for efficacy.
  • Continued research and clinical trials are crucial for managing COVID-19-related lung sequelae and reducing mortality.