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Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...
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Updated: Sep 28, 2025

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Pulmonary chronic thromboembolic disease.

Purificación Ramírez1, Remedios Otero2, Joan Albert Barberà3

  • 1Servicio de Neumología, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Tenerife, Spain.

Archivos De Bronconeumologia
|April 4, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Persistent thrombotic lesions after pulmonary embolism can lead to chronic thromboembolic disease, characterized by exertional symptoms and pulmonary vascular dysfunction without resting pulmonary hypertension. This review analyzes sequelae, diagnosis, and treatment for this emerging condition.

Keywords:
Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertensionEmbolia pulmonarHipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónicaPrueba de esfuerzoPulmonary embolismStress test

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Pulmonology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Persistent thrombotic lesions are a common sequela of pulmonary embolism (PE).
  • These lesions exist on a clinical spectrum, from asymptomatic recovery to chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).
  • Chronic thromboembolic disease (CTED) describes patients with persistent lesions, exertional symptoms, and pulmonary vascular dysfunction but no resting pulmonary hypertension.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze post-PE sequelae.
  • To review existing evidence on CTED, focusing on diagnosis and therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of post-PE sequelae.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and therapeutic approaches for CTED.

Main Results:

  • CTED is an emerging entity with undefined prevalence and diagnostic criteria.
  • Patients with CTED experience exertional symptoms and pulmonary vascular dysfunction.
  • Distinguishing CTED from CTEPH and other post-PE states is crucial for management.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to establish prevalence and diagnostic standards for CTED.
  • A clear understanding of CTED is essential for appropriate patient management and improved outcomes.
  • This review provides a framework for diagnosing and treating CTED.