TGF-β-induced CCR8 promoted macrophage transdifferentiation into myofibroblast-like cells

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is an interstitial disease of unknown origin, characterized by tissue fibrosis, for which currently there is no effective treatment. Macrophages, the main immune cells in lung tissue, are involved in the whole process of pulmonary fibrosis. In recent years, intercellular transformation has led to wide spread concern among pulmonary fibrosis researchers. Macrophages with flexible heterogeneity and plasticity participate in different physiological processes in the body. Cell chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8) is expressed in a variety of cells and plays a significant chemotactic role in the induction of cell activation and migration. It can also promote the differentiation of macrophages under certain environmental conditions. The current study is intended to explore the role of CCR8 in macrophage to myofibroblast transdifferentiation (MMT) in IPF. Methods: We conducted experiments using CCR8-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA), an autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine, 3-MA), and an agonist (rapamycin) to explore the underlying mechanisms of macrophage transdifferentiation into myofibroblast cells in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Results: TGF-β treatment increased the CCR8 protein level in a time- and dose-dependent manner in mouse alveolar macrophages, as well as macrophage transdifferentiation-related markers, including vimentin, collagen 1, and a-SMA, and cell migration. In addition, the levels of autophagy were enhanced in macrophages treated with TGF-β. We found that 3-MA, an autophagy inhibitor, decreased the expression levels of macrophage transdifferentiation-related markers and attenuated cell migration. Furthermore, the inhibition of CCR8 via CCR8-specific siRNA reduced the levels of autophagy and macrophage transdifferentiation-related markers, and inhibited the cell migration. Enhancing autophagy with rapamycin attenuated the inhibition effect of CCR8-specific siRNA on macrophage migration and the increase in myofibroblast marker proteins. Conclusions: Our findings showed that the macrophages exposed to TGF-β had the potential to transdifferentiate into myofibroblasts and CCR8 was involved in the process. The effect of CCR8 on TGF-β-induced macrophage transdifferentiation occurs mainly through autophagy. Targeting CCR8 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of IPF.