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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

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Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 28, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Comparisons Between Normocalcemic Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Typical Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

Hye Ryeon Choi1, Sun Hyung Choi2, Namki Hong3

  • 1Department of Surgery, Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Journal of Korean Medical Science
|April 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NPHPT) is a heterogeneous condition often affecting younger patients with symptoms like kidney stones and fractures. Surgery outcomes for NPHPT are similar to typical primary hyperparathyroidism, suggesting intraoperative monitoring may improve success rates.

Keywords:
Normocalcemic HyperparathyroidismPrimary HyperparathyroidismTypical Hyperparathyroidism

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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 28, 2025

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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Pathology

Background:

  • Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism (NPHPT) is defined by elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) with normal serum calcium, but its definition and management are debated.
  • This study investigated the clinicopathological features and outcomes of NPHPT patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the characteristics of NPHPT patients.
  • To compare NPHPT with typical primary hyperparathyroidism (TPHPT).
  • To evaluate short-term surgical outcomes for NPHPT.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 280 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) from 2015-2019.
  • Patients classified as TPHPT (elevated PTH, sCa, iCa) or NPHPT (elevated PTH, normal sCa).
  • Subgroup analysis of NPHPT based on ionized calcium (iCa) levels.

Main Results:

  • NPHPT was more common in individuals under 50 and associated with nephrolithiasis and fractures.
  • NPHPT patients had a higher incidence of multiple, smaller parathyroid lesions compared to TPHPT.
  • No significant differences in symptoms or lesion multiplicity were found between NPHPT subgroups with elevated vs. normal iCa.

Conclusions:

  • NPHPT represents a heterogeneous form of PHPT, often involving multiple glands and presenting with symptoms despite milder biochemical profiles.
  • Intraoperative PTH monitoring may enhance surgical success rates in NPHPT.
  • Short-term surgical outcomes for NPHPT were comparable to those for TPHPT.