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Preparation of Nitriles01:12

Preparation of Nitriles

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One of the common methods to prepare nitriles is the dehydration of amides. This method requires strong dehydrating agents like phosphorous pentoxide or boiling acetic anhydride for converting amides to nitriles. Another reagent namely, thionyl chloride also accomplishes the dehydration of amides, where amide acts as a nucleophile. The first step of the mechanism involves the nucleophilic attack by the amide on the thionyl chloride to form an intermediate. In the next step, the electron pairs...
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1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

4.1K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
4.1K
[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction01:16

[4+2] Cycloaddition of Conjugated Dienes: Diels–Alder Reaction

10.9K
The Diels–Alder reaction is an example of a thermal pericyclic reaction between a conjugated diene and an alkene or alkyne, commonly referred to as a dienophile. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six π electrons, four from the diene and two from the dienophile, forming an unsaturated six-membered ring. As a result, these reactions are classified as [4+2] cycloadditions.
10.9K
Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

3.8K
A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
3.8K
Diels–Alder Reaction: Characteristics of Dienes01:29

Diels–Alder Reaction: Characteristics of Dienes

4.5K
The Diels–Alder reaction brings together a diene and a dienophile to form a six-membered ring. Both components have unique characteristics that influence the rate of the reaction.
Characteristics of the diene
Conformation
The simplest example of a diene is 1,3-butadiene, an acyclic conjugated π system. At room temperature, the molecule exists as a mixture of s-cis and s-trans conformers by virtue of rotation around the carbon–carbon single bond. Although the s-trans isomer is...
4.5K
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

3.4K
Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 28, 2025

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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Dinitrogen Cleavage and Functionalization with Carbon Dioxide in a Dititanium Dihydride Framework.

Qingde Zhuo1, Jimin Yang2, Zhenbo Mo1

  • 1Organometallic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|April 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study demonstrates the first reaction of dinitrogen (N₂) with carbon dioxide (CO₂) using a dititanium hydride complex. This breakthrough enables N-C bond formation and provides insights into nitrogen and carbon dioxide functionalization.

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Last Updated: Sep 28, 2025

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Synthesis of Nine-atom Deltahedral Zintl Ions of Germanium and their Functionalization with Organic Groups
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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • The activation and functionalization of dinitrogen (N₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are crucial but challenging chemical transformations.
  • Developing efficient catalytic systems for N₂ and CO₂ utilization is a key goal in sustainable chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the novel reaction between N₂ and CO₂ mediated by a dititanium hydride complex.
  • To investigate the formation of N-C bonds and the cleavage of N-N and C-O bonds in this system.
  • To elucidate the reaction mechanism and explore potential applications in synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of a dititanium dihydride complex containing dinitrogen.
  • Reaction of the complex with carbon dioxide under varying conditions (temperature, pressure, stoichiometry).
  • Isolation and structural determination of reaction products.
  • Mechanistic studies using isotopic labeling (¹⁵N, ¹³C) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
  • Exploration of a titanium-mediated catalytic cycle for isocyanate synthesis.

Main Results:

  • The dititanium hydride complex reacts with CO₂ to form N-C bonds, cleaving N-N and C-O bonds.
  • Selective formation of a nitrido/N,N-dicarboxylamido complex at low temperatures (82% yield at -50 °C).
  • Formation of a diisocyanato/dioxo complex at room temperature or upon heating the dicarboxylamido complex.
  • Isolation of intermediate isocyanato/nitrido/oxo complexes.
  • Establishment of a titanium-mediated cycle for trimethylsilyl isocyanate synthesis from N₂, CO₂, and Me₃SiCl using H₂.

Conclusions:

  • The study presents the first example of N₂ and CO₂ reaction in a dititanium framework, leading to N-C bond formation.
  • Reaction conditions can be tuned to selectively yield different titanium complexes, including nitrido and isocyanato species.
  • Mechanistic insights were gained through isotopic labeling and DFT calculations, revealing unprecedented details of N₂-CO₂ interactions.
  • A viable catalytic cycle for the synthesis of valuable isocyanates from N₂ and CO₂ has been demonstrated.