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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

56
Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
56
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

63
Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
63
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

42
The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
42
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

63
Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
63
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

52
AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
52
Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography01:22

Imaging Studies V: Intravenous Urography and Retrograde Pyelography

228
IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
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Can we predict the presence of struvite stones based on clinical factors?

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Updated: Sep 28, 2025

Author Spotlight: Developing a Bedside Protocol for Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasonography
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Calcified intrarenal aneurysm simulating urinary lithiasis.

Mário Henrique Elias de Mattos1, Arthur Cardoso Del Papa1, Antonio Corrêa Lopes Neto1

  • 1Centro Universitário FMABC, Santo André, SP, Brazil.

Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil)
|April 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Calcification in the kidney was initially mistaken for kidney stones. Further examination revealed it was an intrarenal vascular aneurysm, highlighting the importance of considering vascular causes for renal calcifications.

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Vascular Surgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Intrarenal calcifications are commonly diagnosed as kidney stones (nephrolithiasis).
  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment planning and avoiding unnecessary interventions.

Observation:

  • A female patient presented with calcification in the renal topography.
  • Initial diagnosis was left kidney lithiasis.
  • Subsequent evaluation identified the calcification as stemming from an intrarenal vascular aneurysm.

Findings:

  • The study highlights a rare cause of intrarenal calcification: vascular aneurysm.
  • This case underscores the need for comprehensive differential diagnosis in patients with renal calcifications.

Implications:

  • Considering intrarenal vascular aneurysms in the differential diagnosis of renal calcifications is essential.
  • Misdiagnosis can lead to inappropriate interventional treatments for renal lithiasis.