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Related Concept Videos

Creative Thinking01:25

Creative Thinking

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Creative thinking encompasses innovative and unconventional methods for addressing challenges, often leading to groundbreaking solutions. Instead of focusing solely on enhancing existing systems, such as increasing smartphone battery capacity, creative thinking might inspire advancements like energy-efficient batteries or processors that minimize power consumption. This multidimensional approach underscores the importance of exploring novel pathways to innovation.
Divergent thinking is the...
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Solution Concentration and Dilution02:59

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The relative amount of a given solution component is known as its concentration. Often, though not always, a solution contains one component with a concentration that is significantly greater than that of all other components. This component is called the solvent and may be viewed as the medium in which the other components are dispersed or dissolved. Solutions in which water is the solvent are, of course, very common on our planet. A solution in which water is the solvent is called an aqueous...
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The concept of stress concentration is crucial for understanding how materials respond under bending stresses, particularly when there are irregularities or discontinuities in the material's geometry. Normally, stress in a symmetric member subjected to pure bending is assumed to be uniformly distributed across the entire cross-section. However, this assumption does not hold when there are variations in the cross-sectional geometry or the presence of notches and holes.
The stress...
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Region of Convergence01:17

Region of Convergence

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The z-transform is a powerful mathematical tool used in the analysis of discrete-time signals and systems. It is a crucial tool in the analysis of discrete-time systems, but its convergence is limited to specific values of the complex variable z. This range of values, known as the Region of Convergence (ROC), is fundamental in determining the behavior and stability of a system or signal. The ROC defines the region in the complex plane where the z-transform converges, which can take various...
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Concentration Cells02:41

Concentration Cells

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A concentration cell is a type of a  voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
Consider the following voltaic cell:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

The Innovation Arena: A Method for Comparing Innovative Problem-Solving Across Groups
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Innovation concentration in knowledge network.

Jifeng Zheng1

  • 1School of Economics, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai, China.

Plos One
|April 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Innovation concentration in U.S. industries is rising. Larger firms invest more in R&D and enter more sectors, potentially reducing consumer welfare in concentrated markets.

Area of Science:

  • Economics
  • Innovation Studies
  • Industrial Organization

Background:

  • Innovation concentration in U.S. industries has increased over the past two decades.
  • Understanding the dynamics of patent markets and firm behavior is crucial for economic analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model and analyze the increasing concentration of innovation in U.S. industries.
  • To investigate the relationship between firm market share, R&D investment, and market entry.
  • To examine the impact of innovation concentration on product markets and consumer welfare.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a theoretical model of an imperfectly competitive patent market with heterogeneous firms and endogenous markups.
  • Empirically analyzed the factors influencing a firm's decision to innovate and its profitability.

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Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone
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  • Connected R&D and product markets to identify parallel concentration trends.

    • Main Results:

    • Firms with larger market share invest more in R&D and expand into more sectors.
    • Innovation concentration trends mirror those in product markets.
    • Large firms in product markets command higher prices and profits, reflecting the value of their knowledge.

    Conclusions:

    • Increasing innovation concentration may negatively impact consumer welfare, particularly in highly concentrated industries.
    • Firm size and market position are key determinants of innovation strategy and market outcomes.
    • The study highlights the interconnectedness of R&D and product markets and their concentration levels.