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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 27, 2025

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
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Links between Thyroid Disorders and Glucose Homeostasis.

Young Sil Eom1, Jessica R Wilson2, Victor J Bernet2

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.

Diabetes & Metabolism Journal
|April 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus frequently coexist. This review explores thyroid hormone

Keywords:
Diabetes mellitusGlucoseHomeostasisThyroid diseasesThyroid hormones

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Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo
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Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolism
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus frequently coexist, with higher prevalence observed in both conditions.
  • Thyroid hormones play a crucial role in glucose homeostasis, influencing key metabolic processes.
  • Understanding the interplay between thyroid function and glucose metabolism is vital for managing these prevalent endocrine disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted effects of thyroid hormone on glucose homeostasis.
  • To elucidate the intricate relationship between thyroid disease and various forms of diabetes mellitus (Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational).
  • To provide comprehensive guidelines for thyroid function screening in diabetic patients and discuss the impact of antidiabetic drugs on thyroid health.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of existing studies on thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus.
  • Analysis of the physiological mechanisms by which thyroid hormone regulates glucose metabolism.
  • Synthesis of current clinical guidelines for screening and management.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid hormone significantly impacts glucose metabolism across multiple organs, including the liver, pancreas, and adipose tissue.
  • Specific associations and screening guidelines are identified for Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes in relation to thyroid dysfunction.
  • Antidiabetic medications can influence thyroid hormone levels and thyroid function, necessitating careful monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • The bidirectional relationship between thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus underscores the need for integrated management strategies.
  • Regular thyroid function screening is recommended for patients with diabetes mellitus.
  • Further research into the effects of antidiabetic drugs on thyroid function is warranted.