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Subcortical Cognition: The Fruit Below the Rind.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neurobiology
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Cognitive neuroscience research predominantly focuses on the cerebral cortex.
  • Subcortical structures are frequently overlooked in studies of higher cognitive functions, including language, reading, music, and mathematics.
  • This cortical bias exists in both basic and translational research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing evidence demonstrating substantial subcortical contributions to cognition.
  • To propose a theoretical framework for understanding (sub)cortical roles in cognition.
  • To outline methods for identifying and investigating novel subcortical cognitive functions.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of anatomical, evolutionary, and cognitive neuroscience studies.
  • Analysis of existing evidence on subcortical involvement in diverse cognitive domains.
  • Development of a theoretical framework integrating cortical and subcortical contributions.

Main Results:

  • Evidence confirms significant and important roles for multiple subcortical structures across various cognitive functions.
  • Subcortical structures contribute to both higher and lower-level cognitive processes.
  • Existing data supports the substantial involvement of subcortical regions in cognition.

Conclusions:

  • Subcortical structures are integral to cognitive processes and warrant greater attention in neuroscience research.
  • Anatomical and evolutionary principles can guide the discovery of new subcortical cognitive roles.
  • Future research should employ specific methodologies to fully elucidate subcortical cognition.