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The Phloem as an Arena for Plant Pathogens.

Jennifer D Lewis1,2, Michael Knoblauch3, Robert Turgeon4

  • 1Plant Gene Expression Center, USDA-ARS, Albany, California, USA.

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Summary

Plant pathogens like phytoplasmas and viruses exploit the phloem, a specialized plant tissue, for survival and spread. This review details phloem anatomy and pathogen interactions, aiding in understanding and controlling these crop diseases.

Keywords:
Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticusP-proteincallosephytoplasmasieve element anatomyviruses

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Pathology
  • Plant Anatomy
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Phloem is a specialized vascular tissue essential for nutrient transport in plants.
  • Certain pathogens, including phytoplasmas, spiroplasmas, and viruses, infect and thrive within the phloem.
  • Phloem-infecting pathogens cause significant economic damage to crops, particularly citrus (e.g., *Candidatus* Liberibacter spp.).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on phloem anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry relevant to pathogen interactions.
  • To highlight anatomical features facilitating pathogen movement within the phloem.
  • To discuss phloem sampling techniques and specific phloem-harming pathogens.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on phloem biology and plant pathology.
  • Analysis of anatomical structures (sieve plates, phloem proteins) influencing pathogen translocation.
  • Compilation of information on economically important phloem pathogens and their control challenges.

Main Results:

  • Phloem's specialized structure, including sieve plates and specific proteins, is crucial for pathogen entry and movement.
  • Vector-borne phloem pathogens are protected from chemical treatments and utilize the phloem network to evade host defenses.
  • Understanding these interactions is key to developing effective disease management strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Phloem pathogens represent a significant threat to global agriculture due to their protected niche and ability to circumvent host defenses.
  • Further research into phloem-pathogen interactions, anatomy, and sampling methods is vital for crop protection.
  • Targeting phloem-specific mechanisms offers potential avenues for novel disease control strategies.