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Task-related hemodynamic responses in human early visual cortex are modulated by task difficulty and behavioral

Charlie S Burlingham1, Minyoung Ryoo2, Zvi N Roth2

  • 1Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, United States.

Elife
|April 7, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Task-related responses (TRRs) in the early visual cortex track individual trial performance and arousal. These brain signals dynamically adjust with task difficulty and behavioral outcomes.

Keywords:
arousalfMRIglobal signalhemodynamicshumanneurosciencetask-related responsevisual cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Visual Neuroscience

Background:

  • Early visual cortex shows task-related responses (TRRs) even without visual stimulation.
  • These responses are linked to arousal and reward, but their trial-to-trial variability is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if TRRs in the early visual cortex vary with individual trial performance and task difficulty.
  • To determine if TRRs reflect arousal on a trial-by-trial basis.

Main Methods:

  • Measured functional magnetic resonance imaging blood-oxygen-level-dependent (fMRI-BOLD) responses in the early visual cortex during an orientation discrimination task.
  • Analyzed fMRI-BOLD signals in relation to task difficulty (easy vs. hard trials), behavioral accuracy, reaction time, and lapses.
  • Correlated fMRI-BOLD findings with concurrent pupil size measurements.

Main Results:

  • TRRs in the early visual cortex scaled with task difficulty, behavioral accuracy, reaction time, and lapses across individual trials.
  • These modulations were independent of physiological noise sources like respiration, cardiac activity, or head movement.
  • Pupil size exhibited similar trial-by-trial modulations with task difficulty and behavior.

Conclusions:

  • Task-related responses in the early visual cortex reflect arousal and behavioral state on the timescale of individual trials.
  • These findings suggest a broader role for the early visual cortex in monitoring task engagement and performance beyond basic visual processing.